| A three-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 212 people with knee osteoarthritis found that 1,500 mg of glucosamine sulfate taken daily significantly reduced symptoms. In addition, diagnostic images found that people supplementing glucosamine had no significant joint space loss, while those on placebo had joint deterioration.
Seven Prescriptions—Arthritis
Super Prescription #7 Cayenne {Capsicum Apply the cream to the affected relief. Choose a cream standardized Capsaicin depletes the nerves of substance messages. |
Larry Trivieri, Jr.
See book keywords and concepts |  In a study in Milan, Italy, 80 patients with severe osteoarthritis were given a 30-day course of glucosamine sulfate (1.5 g daily).The treated patients experienced reduction in pain, tenderness, and overall symptoms. Examination of cartilage samples from the patients treated with glucosamine sulfate shared many structural aspects of healthy cartilage. The researchers concluded that glucosamine sulfate rebuilt damaged cartilage, thereby reducing pain and other symptoms. |
Michael Janson, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  When joints are inflamed from osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), supplements of glucosamine sulfate are often helpful in relieving symptoms and restoring joint integrity. glucosamine sulfate actually stimulates new cartilage formation to protect the bone surface. In fact, studies have shown that taking glucosamine sulfate is better than the usual drugs for arthritis, called nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (or NSAIDS), like Motrin®, Indocin®, Advil®, and Naprosyn®. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Furthermore, unlike glucosamine sulfate, there have been no human clinical studies utilizing NAG to treat arthritis or other health problems.
Where is it found?
NAG is available primarily in tablets and capsules. Who is likely to be deficient?
As NAG is not an essential nutrient, no deficiency states have been reported.
How much is usually taken?
Most manufacturers recommend supplementation with 1,500 mg daily.
What is it?
NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B3 (page 598). It plays an essential role in the energy production of every human cell. |
Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Next, please get some glucosamine sulfate, also 500 milligrams, and take 1 tablet, 3 times a day. Glucosamine is a molecule naturally present in the body that serves as a building block for new joint cartilage. The amount of glucosamine in the body appeats to either decrease with age or be used up more rapidly in elderly people. Taking glucosamine as a supplement hasn't been associated with side effects.
"Your skin is definitely a little on the dry side. Considering osteoarthritis and out northwest lack of sunshine, please get some cod-liver oil and take 1 tablespoon daily."
Mr. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | The structure of CS includes molecules related to glucosamine sulfate. CS levels have been reported to be reduced in joint cartilage affected by OA. Possibly as a result, CS supplementation may help resrore joint function in people with OA.20 On the basis of preliminary evidence, researchers had believed that oral CS was not absorbed in humans;21 as a result, early double-blind CS research was done mostly by giving injections.22, 23 This research documented clinical benefits from CS injections. | | It is not known whether taking glucosamine sulfate (page 529) and chondroitin sulfate in combination is a more effective treatment for osteoarthritis (page 328) than taking either one by itself.
CHROMIUM
What is it?
Chromium is an essential trace mineral that helps the body maintain normal blood sugar levels.
In addition to its well-studied effects in diabetes (page 152), preliminary research has found that chromium supplementation also improves glucose tolerance in people with Turner's syndrome—a disease linked with glucose intolerance. |
Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | That's a lot of stuff there—niacinamide, glucosamine sulfate, cod-liver oil, vitamin E, selenium, and a multiple! But if it all helps ..." He started to get up slowly to go.
"Very likely it will. But hold on. There is a test or two I'd recommend you get done."
"I thought you said I didn't need any tests for osteoarthritis."
"That's right, you don't. But remember you mentioned low energy and maybe a little forgetful? Those may be 'surface clues' to another problem that over half of us develop by age 65 or so—incomplete digestion of our food and poor assimilation of nutrients. | | No significant side effects were seen in any of the studies that used glucosamine sulfate. Despite the similar names, glucosamine does not contain any glucose, and there is no evidence that it causes problems in diabetics.
Glucosamine/Niacinamide Combination
So far, there have been no studies to determine whether the combination of glucosamine and niacinamide works better than either compound alone. Since it is not known how niacinamide works, one can only speculate on whether niacinamide would add to, or merely duplicate, the effects of glucosamine on joint tissue. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | The glucosamine sulfate (GS) form (stabilized with a mineral salt, such as sodium chloride or potassium chloride) is the only form consistently shown in clinical trials to be effective for people with osteoarthritis (OA [page 328]).
Chondroitin sulfate (CS [page 492]) is a much larger and more complex molecule than GS. Like glucosamine, it is a major constituent of cartilage and has been the subject of many clinical trials. CS supplementation has proven to be an effective treatment for people with OA. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | Beyond physical therapy, glucosamine sulfate is a very effective natural product for OA. Glucosamine is a simple molecule that can be manufactured in the body. The main function of glucosamine in joints is to stimulate the manufacture of molecules known as glycosamino-glycans (GAGs), which are the key structural components of cartilage. It appears that as some people age, they lose the ability to manufacture sufficient levels of glucosamine. The result is that cartilage loses its ability to act as a shock absorber. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | The glucosamine sulfate (GS) form (stabilized with a mineral salt) is the only form clearly shown in clinical trials to be effective for osteoarthritis (page 328). For this reason, it is the pteferred form.
GS is stabilized with one of two mineral salts: sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium chloride (KC1).1,2 Although they both appear to effectively stabilize GS, the use of KC1 as a stabilizer seems preferable since the average Western diet already provides far too much salt (NaCl) and not enough potassium (page 572). However, most of the research has been done with the NaCl-stabilized form. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | The typical dosage of glucosamine sulfate is 1,500 milligrams per day.
Capsaicin-containing creams and gels applied topically are showing impressive results when applied to the skin in cases of osteoarthritis. Capsaicin works by depleting the pain neurotransmitter substance P. It should be applied four times daily for three to four days, during which time pain may actually be worse due to the depletion of substance P. After this time pain relief occurs and the applications can be reduced to twice daily.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis literally means "porous bone. |
Ray Strand, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  For example, I recommend that my patients try glucosamine sulfate for their arthritis while restricting their use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS). Because of my new attitude toward supplements and herbal therapies, many people now consult me for advice on alternative therapies. I am still a physician, and I prescribe my share of medication; however, I hold firm to the belief that we should always use medication as a last resort and not as a first choice.
Many people take a hunt-and-peck approach to herbal treatments. |
The Life Extension Editorial Staff
See book keywords and concepts |  However, most people take a combination supplement that provides 400-500 mg each of both chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate. Typical daily doses are 2-8 capsules daily.
Melatonin
Melatonin is a hormone with potential as a therapy for treatment of diseases with pain and abnormal immune response. The effects and mechanisms of melatonin on inflammation and immuno-regulation have been studied systematically (Maestroni 2001). Melatonin showed significant analgesic effects in animal studies. Melatonin was also shown to enhance the pain-suppressing effects of analgesics (Cuzzocrea et al. 2002). |
Bill Gottlieb
See book keywords and concepts |  Some studies suggest, however, that glucosamine sulfate, a nutritional supplement, may build cartilage and slow the progression of the disease instead of merely masking its symptoms.
According to Walter Crinnion, N.D., a naturopathic doctor and director of Healing Naturally in Kirkland, Washington, 500 milligrams of glucosamine sulfate, taken three times a day before meals, "works great" among his patients who have osteoarthritis. But don't expect to be pain-free tomorrow; this is a slow, natural process of rebuilding a damaged body part.
Dr. |
The Life Extension Editorial Staff
See book keywords and concepts | | OA by randomizing them into four groups, each of which received oral treatment with glucosamine sulfate, piroxicam, both drugs, or a placebo. While piroxicam had a similar efficacy at the start of treatment, it was less well tolerated, and its effect wore off quickly. This study followed patients fot 90 days plus another 60 days after treatment. While 24% had adverse effects with piroxicam, only 15% had adverse effects with glucosamine (Rovati et al. 1994). | | In one well-designed study of 178 patients with OA of the knee, one group was treated for 4 weeks with glucosamine sulfate, 1500 mg daily, and the other group was treated with ibuprofen at 1200 mg a day. Again, glucosamine relieved the symptoms as effectively as ibuprofen and was significantly better tolerated than ibuprofen. The safety and tolerability of glucosamine can easily be explained by the fact that it is a physiological substance normally used by the body (Qui et al. 1998).
As with most natural remedies, the therapeutic effect of glucosamine is not immediate. | | Given the amount of available evidence, the comparisons with NSAIDs, and the number of positive double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, glucosamine sulfate should be used as a first natural choice for OA. Certainly the evidence prevails that it is at the very least equal in efficacy to NSAIDs and that it has much fewer side effects. In most studies, the dose has been 500 mg 3 times daily. At least one study suggests that the sulfate salt of glucosamine is also an important component and that other salts such as glucosamine hydrochloride may not work as well. | | It is a very large molecule, composed of repeated units of glucosamine sulfate. Like glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate attracts water into the cattilage matrix and stimulates the production of cartilage. Likewise it has the ability to prevent enzymes from dissolving cartilage. Although the absorption of chondroitin sulfate is much lower than that of glucosamine (10-15% versus 90-98%), a few studies have shown very good results from long-term treatment with chondroitin sulfate, reducing pain and increasing range of motion.
Uebelhart et al. | | Note: Because of homocysteine's role in the metabolism of sulfur and methyl groups, elevated levels of homocysteine would be expected to negatively impact the biosynthesis of SAMe, carnitine, chondroitin sulfate, coenzyme Qiq, creatine, cysteine, dime thy lglycine, glucosamine sulfate, glutathione, melatonin, pantethine, phosphatidylcholine, and taurine. Many of these substances are profiled in the Therapeutic section for their cardioprotection and restorative qualities. The short supply of these agents could severely disable cardiac performance (Miller 1997). |
Ray Strand, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | In addition to a simple but healthy diet, I started Jim on glucosamine sulfate and a potent nutritional supplement used for degenerative arthritis. After four months he discontinued the Tylenol with codeine on his own and used Celebrex only occasionally for arthritis pain.
Within a few months, his diabetes came under excellent control and he was able to discontinue Glucotrol. As a result of a balanced diet and stable blood sugar levels, Jim began feeling much better and less depressed. I was then able to suggest that he discontinue both his Buspar and Prozac. |
Patrick Holford
See book keywords and concepts |  For example, a 1982 clinical study compared usage of the NSAID ibuprofen with that of glucosamine sulfate for osteoarthritis of the knee. During the first two weeks, the ibuprofen decreased pain faster, but by the fourth week the glucosamine group was well ahead in pain relief. The overall results showed that 44 percent of people in the glucosamine group had pain relief, compared with 15 percent of those taking ibuprofen. Because glucosamine is not an anti-inflammatory drug, it takes longer to start working, but it works equally well. |
Gale Maleskey
See book keywords and concepts |  Das's study took glucosamine hydrochloride, many naturopathic physicians typically recommend taking glucosamine sulfate because it is the type that has been tested most thoroughly in clinical trials.
You might see a third form of glucosamine on store shelves called N-acetylglucosamine, commonly referred to as NAG. While the label may state that NAG is better-utilized and therefore more effective than glucosamine sulfate, research has not yet been conducted that would prove or disprove that claim, says Dr. Aesoph.
"The big argument now is what form to use," she explains. |
David Brownstein
See book keywords and concepts |  When the joints of the body are damaged, as in arthritis, glucosamine sulfate provides the body with the basic building blocks to begin repairing the damage. Numerous studies have shown that glucosamine sulfate also acts as an anti-inflammatory agent (i.e., a pain reliever).
Chondroiten sulfate is a major component of cartilage. It helps to hold water in the cartilage and acts to facilitate the transfer of nutrients into the cartilage. It has been shown to improve joint destruction in those who suffer with osteoarthritis.9 It is derived from the cartilage of animals. | | Recommended Doses of glucosamine sulfate and Chondroiten Sulfate
For arthritic conditions I recommend the following doses: glucosamine sulfate- 500 mg three times per day and chondroiten sulfate- 400mg three times per day. These supplements work best when used in combination, rather than individually.
Herbs
Herbs have been used in many different cultures to help control the symptoms of arthritis. Ginger has been used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent for thousands of years. One to two grams per day of ginger has proven effective in relieving many of the symptoms of arthritis. | | The literature is clear on the benefits of using both glucosamine sulfate and chondroiten sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritic joints. Both of these agents stimulate the production of new cartilage in injured joints of the body. In addition, these supplements have synergistic effects with one another; in other words, they work better together than they do when used separately.
In comparing glucosamine sulfate and chondroiten sulfate with the more commonly used NSAID's (i.e. |
Patrick Holford
See book keywords and concepts | | Some researchers now feel that glucosamine hydrochloride may be the best form because it has a slightly higher concentration of glucosamine in the molecule (83 percent versus 80 percent for glucosamine sulfate) and has better stability.37
MSM, which stands for methyl sulfonyl methane, is a source of the essential mineral sulfur. Sulfur is involved in a multitude of key body functions, including pain control, regulation of inflammation, detoxification, and tissue building. |
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